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Toil (concept)
The concept of toil (Greek ''ponos'') is a concept of burdensome hard labour, or manual work, typically finding in such labour positive aspects such honesty or dignity.
==In classical antiquity==
Antisthenes, the founder of Cynicism, dedicated his school to Hercules hero of impossible labours, in order to exemplarize his concept of toil - ''ponos'', elevating it from something men avoid to something of dignity.〔Giovanni Reale, John R. Catan ''History of Ancient Philosophy'' 1985 p 268 "But Antisthenes, in order to underline his exalted concept of toil, of ponos (novos), consecrated his School to Heracles, the hero of legendary and apparently impossible labors. This notion of burdensome labor also meant a drastic rupture with the common sentiment, because it elevated to the highest dignity and value that which most men flee from."〕 Within cynic exercises of ''ponos'', toil, were both ''gymnasia'', labour of the body, and ''logia'', exercise of the soul. Some scholars consider that Antisthenes also consider a third kind of toil to exist in training to suffer disrepute.〔Sara Ahbel-Rappe, Rachana Kamtekar -A Companion to Socrates 2009 1405192607- Page 87 "... which necessarily involved large degrees of ponos (“toil” or “labor”) (VA 85, 97, 113, 134). For Antisthenes, and perhaps Diogenes as well, this exercise and toil have at least three components, of which two are neatly juxtaposed as physical ... to train the body and mental exercises, logoi, to train the soul (VA 163, with Caizzi's emended text; Diogenes Laertius, ... trains one's self-image or self-esteem: to suffer disrepute in popular opinion, which is of course untrained and corrupt, "〕 The concept extended into Greek medicine also as Hippocrates saw ''ponos'', toil, and ''pathos'', suffering as being part of the body's response to disease.〔George S. Everly, Jr., Jeffrey M. Lating ''A Clinical Guide to the Treatment of the Human Stress Response'' 2012 1461455383 "Twenty-four centuries previously, Hippocrates had written that disease was not only pathos (suffering) but also ponos (toil) as the body fought to restore normalcy. While ponos might have sufficed, the Greeks also settled "〕
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